DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT IN CIVIL ENGINEERING AND CONSTRUCTION

Development is about growth and helping to grow different aspects, as together they create further growth. Development is vital in today’s society as it affects every aspect in everyday life. Certain factors have a huge influence on development. The lack of development directly affects the economy. Development in my understanding is to see, encourage, or make growth happen. Whether it can be a slow progression or a rapid improvement, development can’t happen overnight, or in a couple of days ,it can simply take an year  years. Development can be a small improvement or it can be fairly large

In Civil Engineering, for planning of facilities, it is important to recognize the close relationship between design and construction. These processes can best be viewed as an integrated system. Basically, the design is a process of creating the description of a new facility or project, usually represented by detailed drawing plans and specifications; construction planning is a process of identifying activities and various resources required to complete this design with great accuracy.  Hence, the construction is the implementation of a design envisioned by civil engineers. In both design and construction, numerous operational tasks must be performed with a variety of precedence and other relationships among the different tasks.

Several characteristics are unique to the planning of constructed facilities and should be kept in mind even at the very early stage of the project life cycle. These include the following:

⮚      Nearly every facility is custom designed and constructed, and often requires a long time to complete.

⮚      Both the design and construction of a facility must satisfy the conditions peculiar to a specific site.

⮚      Each project is site specific, its execution is influenced by natural, social and other locational conditions such as weather, labour supply, local building codes, etc.

⮚      Since the service life of a facility is long, the anticipation of future requirements is inherently difficult.

⮚      Because of technological complexity and market demands, changes of design plans during construction are not uncommon.

Nowadays, it becomes more important to complete any civil engineering project with a method known as, integrated system. In an integrated system, the construction planning for both design and construction can proceed almost simultaneously, examining various alternatives which are desirable from both viewpoints and thus eliminating the necessity of extensive revisions under the guise of value engineering. Furthermore, the review of designs with regard to their constructability can be carried out as the project progresses from planning to design.

It is interesting to note that Indian owners are generally more open to new technologies and to share risks with designers, engineers and contractors. In particular, they are more willing to accept responsibilities for the unforeseen subsurface conditions in geotechnical engineering. Consequently, the designers and contractors are also more willing to introduce new techniques in order to reduce the time and cost of construction. In Indian practice, owners typically present contractors with a conceptual design, and contractors prepare detailed designs, which are checked by the owner's engineers. Those detailed designs may be alternate designs, and specialty contractors may also prepare detailed alternate designs.

 New Innovation and Technological Feasibility

The proper planning for a construction project begins with the generation of concepts for a facility which will meet market demands and owner requirements. Innovative concepts in design are highly valued not for their own sake but for their contributions to reducing costs and to the improvement of aesthetics, comfort or convenience as embodied in a well-designed facility. However, the constructor as well as the design professionals must have an appreciation and full understanding of the technological complexities often associated with innovative designs in order to provide a safe and sound facility. Since these concepts are often preliminary or tentative, screening studies are carried out to determine the overall technological viability and economic attractiveness without pursuing these concepts in great detail. Because of the ambiguity of the objectives and the uncertainty of external events, screening studies call for uninhibited innovation in creating new concepts and judicious judgment in selecting the appropriate ones for further consideration.

Recent developments in civil engineering
1. Photovoltaic Glaze
2. Kinetic Roads
3. Self-healing Concrete
4. Kinetic Footfall
5. Thermal Bridging
6. 3D Modelling
7. Modular Construction
8. Asset Mapping
9. Internet of Things
10. Drones

Advancements in civil engineering:

Self-healing Concrete, Thermal Bridging, Carbon Fibre, Photovoltaic Glaze, Kinetic Footfall, Kinetic Roads, 3D Modelling, and Modular Construction are the reform contributing to advancement in civil engineering.

Figure 01. Carbon Fibre   
Figure 02. Self- Healing Concrete
Figure 03. Translucent Concrete

What is Structural Design?

Structural designing is fundamental to the civil engineering discipline as it deals directly with the structural strength and integrity of buildings or structures. It includes planning, designing, and structural analysis of large structures like skyscrapers, bridges, tunnels, towers, and even off-shore structures like oil rigs. Civil engineers are required to use structural design to ensure the safety and stability of the structure before they add in some creative designs into a structure for visual appeal.

Figure 04. Proper drawing for project

Structural designing is based on applying the principles of physical laws and mathematics into building structures. With empirical research and analysis, civil engineers have to use structural design to analyse the structural design of the building and the strength of different materials used to determine its safety and economical specifications. Structural design ensures that the planned structure will be sufficiently strong enough to bear its intended load and withstand possible environmental conditions.

IMPORTANCE OF PROPER STRUCTURAL DESIGN

 

⮚      Ensures Build & Design of the Structure

The proper Structural designing provide all the crucial information about soil, foundations, walls, floors, roof types, steep beams, material quality, and more to ensure that the structure is built to be safe and sound. It is essential for civil engineers to work with design aesthetics and build structures that can withstand its loads and pressures without leading to any mishaps. Indeed, building a structure without considering the structural design of it always remains under the high risk of collapsing under its own weight or due to the environmental pressures. Structural designing is hence crucial to construction projects as it directly impacts the safety and durability of the structures.

⮚      Provides Analysis of the Structure

Civil engineers are required to perform a thorough and detailed analysis of the structure with respect to the principles of the structural design. This helps to ensure that the new structure meets up all the necessary safety criteria and design codes. Moreover, when an in-depth analysis of the structure is made, it helps bring out information about the load that the building is capable of bearing, the wind velocity it can withstand, and the overall utility and capability of the building under different environmental conditions. For instance, knowing the accurate estimation of the magnitude of tremors a skyscraper can withstand and the safe weight maximums on bridges can surely help prevent any catastrophes in future.

 

 

⮚      Helps Ensure Efficient Material Management

The proper Structural designing is also interlinked with ensuring the efficient use of construction materials and resources. Civil engineers have to determine the optimal material grade to ensure safety and operational use of the structures without any unnecessary costs.

Structural designing is all-important for engineers to assist them at all phases of their projects. With rigorous structural testing, evaluations, and inspections, structural designing plays a significant role in satisfying the operational safety, practical functioning, and budgetary resources of the project while ensuring that all structural elements remain stable and safe.

Conclusion

The proper design and new innovations in civil engineering construction materials implies the development in the quality. The reform can be brought in the previous material keeping the useful properties the same or a new material i.e alternative to the previous one can be introduced. Innovation in construction materials also implies improvements in processes, products, or services of construction.

From the above various examples, it becomes clear that to complete any civil engineering structure or project in such a manner to achieve all important parameters like safety, economical, durability and serviceability, the proper design and use of new modern techniques are very important.                                                                                                                           

Want to know more about MIT College of Railway Engineering and Research Barshi, MH. 

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